Cleanrooms: The "Sterile Fortresses" Safeguarding High-Tech Industries
In the field of modern industry and scientific research, there exists an invisible "guardian" — the cleanroom. Far more than just a "clean room," it is a specialized space where contaminants such as airborne particles, harmful gases, and microorganisms are controlled to extremely low levels through scientific design, precision equipment, and strict management. From chip manufacturing to biopharmaceuticals, and from aerospace engineering to medical surgeries, cleanrooms have become core infrastructure driving the development of high-tech industries, directly determining product quality, research accuracy, and even life safety.
I. The Core of Cleanrooms: A "Controllable" Clean Environment
The core value of cleanrooms lies in their "controllability." Their cleanliness level is classified by air cleanliness standards (e.g., ISO 14644), ranging from ISO 8 (for general electronics workshops, allowing no more than 3.52 million particles ≥0.5μm per cubic meter) to ISO 1 (for core semiconductor manufacturing processes, allowing no more than 10 particles ≥0.5μm per cubic meter) — a precision difference of up to one million times. Achieving such strict environmental control relies on the coordinated operation of three core systems:
1. Air Purification System: The "Lungs" of Cleanliness
High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) / Ultra-Low Penetration Air (ULPA) Filters: As the core of purification, HEPA filters can remove over 99.97% of particles ≥0.3μm, while ULPA filters eliminate over 99.999% of particles ≥0.12μm, ensuring "dust-free and sterile" air entering the cleanroom.
Airflow Design: Depending on application needs, "vertical laminar airflow" (e.g., in semiconductor workshops, where airflow uniformly covers the space from top to bottom to prevent particle dispersion) or "horizontal laminar airflow" (e.g., for laboratory workbenches, where airflow protects local areas along a horizontal direction) is adopted. Meanwhile, "positive/negative pressure control" prevents external contamination from entering (e.g., in pharmaceutical cleanrooms) or internal contamination from leaking out (e.g., in biosafety laboratories).
2. Temperature, Humidity, and Pressure Difference Control System: The "Foundation" of Stability
Most high-precision scenarios have strict temperature and humidity requirements: For example, in chip manufacturing, temperature must be controlled within ±0.1℃ and humidity within ±2% RH to avoid reduced chip yield caused by environmental fluctuations.
A "pressure difference gradient" is set between different clean zones (e.g., a positive pressure of 5-10Pa in clean areas relative to non-clean areas), blocking pollutant transmission through directional air flow.
3. Contamination Control Management: A Full-Process "Defense Line"
Personnel must pass through an "air shower" to remove surface particles and wear specialized cleanroom suits, masks, and gloves before entering.
Materials enter via a "pass-through box" for disinfection and sterilization to prevent external contaminants from being brought in.
Daily cleaning uses fiber-free, non-particle-generating tools; ordinary cleaning agents that easily produce particles are prohibited.
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